Breeding for Biotic Stresses

UPDATED ON:- 01-01-2024

जैविक प्रतिबल के लिए प्रजनन (Breeding for Biotic Stresses):-

प्रतिबल (Stress):-

      परिभाषा (Definition):- ऐसा वातावरणीय कारक जो किसी फसल की आनुवांशिक क्षमता को पूर्ण रूप से अभिव्यक्त होने में बाधा डालता हैप्रतिबल कहलाता है। इसके फलस्वरूप फसल का निष्पादन कम हो जाता है। यह 2 प्रकार का होता है -

(An environmental factor that hinders the genetic potential of a crop to be fully expressed is called stress. As a result, crop performance is reduced. It is of two types -)

i. जैविक प्रतिबल (Biotic Stress):- रोगजनक, नाशीकीट

(Pathogens, Destructive insects)

ii. अजैविक प्रतिबल (Abiotic Stress):- सूखा, खनिज न्यूनताखनिज आविषालुतागर्मीशीत आदि।

(Drought, mineral deficiency, mineral toxicity, heat, cold etc.)

1. रोग रोधिता के लिए प्रजनन (Breeding for Disease Resistance):-

      रोग रोधिता (Disease Resistance):- परपोषी द्वारा रोगजनक को रोग उत्पन्न करने से रोकने की क्षमता को रोग रोधिता कहते हैं।

(The ability of the host to prevent the pathogen from causing the disease is called disease resistance.)

      रोग का उत्पन्न होना परपोषी  रोगजनक के जीनप्ररूपों के मध्य अंत:क्रिया पर निर्भर करता है।

(The development of the disease depends on the interaction between the genotypes of the host and pathogen.)

      परपोषी प्रतिक्रिया (Host Response):- परपोषी पौधे में रोग का उत्पन्न होना अथवा  होना परपोषी प्रतिक्रिया कहलाता है जिन्हें क्रमशसंवेदी प्रतिक्रिया  रोधी प्रतिक्रिया कहते हैं।

(The development or not development of disease in a host plant is called the host response, which are called sensitive response and resistant response respectively.)

      सहिष्णुता (Tolerance):- जब 2 पादप किस्मों में रोग का परिमाण एक समान होता है परन्तु एक किस्म की उपज दूसरी किस्म से काफी अधिक होती है तो अधिक उपज वाली किस्म का यह गुण सहिष्णुता कहलाता है। अर्थात यह किस्म रोग को सहन कर सकती है।

(When 2 plant varieties have the same magnitude of disease but the yield of one variety is much higher than the other variety, then this property of high-yielding variety is called tolerance. That is, this variety can tolerate the disease.)

      रोग रोधिता की क्रियाविधि (Mechanism of disease resistance):- यह एक फसल से दूसरी फसल में परिवर्तित होती रहती है। यहाँ हम 4 सामान्य क्रियाविधियों के बारे में देखेंगे:-

(It keeps on changing from one crop to another. Here we will see about 4 common mechanisms: -)

a. यांत्रिक रोधिता (Mechanical Resistance)

b. अतिसंवेदनशीलता (Hypersensitivity)

c. प्रतिजीविता (Antibiosis)

d. पोषकों की कमी (Deficiency of Nutrients)

a. यांत्रिक रोधिता (Mechanical Resistance):- परपोषी पादप में विशिष्ट आकारिकीय संरचनाएं पायी जाती हैं जो रोगजनक को रोग उत्पन्न करने से रोकती हैं।

(In the host plant specific morphological structures are found that prevent the pathogen from causing the disease.)

उदाहरण:- गेहूँ में पुष्पन के दौरान पुंकेसर  अण्डप दोनों स्पाइकिकाओं के ग्लूम्स में बन्द रहते हैं। इससे कवक बीजाणु अंडाशय को संक्रमित नहीं कर सकते जैसे कि स्मट रोग के बीजाणु।

(Example: During flowering in wheat, both stamens and carpels remain enclosed in the glumes of spikelets. This causes the fungal spores to not infect the ovaries, such as the spores of Smut disease.)

b. अतिसंवेदनशीलता (Hypersensitivity):- जब एक रोगजनक एक परपोषी कोशिका को संक्रमित करता है तो इस कोशिका के चारों ओर की कोशिकाएं मृत हो जाती हैं ताकि संक्रामण के फैलाव को रोका जा सके। इसे अतिसंवेदनशीलता कहते हैं।

(When a pathogen infects a host cell, the cells around this cell become dead to prevent the spread of the infection. This is called hypersensitivity.)

उदाहरण:- अविकल्पी परजीवी

(Example:- Obligate parasite)

c. प्रतिजीविता (Antibiosis):- जब परपोषी पादप में उपस्थित एक रसायन रोगजनक के लिए विषैला होता है तो इसे प्रतिजीविता कहते हैं।

(When a chemical present in a host plant is toxic to a pathogen, it is called antibiosis.)

d. पोषकों की कमी (Deficiency of Nutrients):- यह ऐसा वातावरण विकसित करती है जो रोगजनकों की वृद्धि के लिए अनुकूलित नहीं होता है। इसलिए परपोषी पादप रोगजनक से सुरक्षित रहता है।

(It develops an environment that is not adapted to the growth of pathogens. Therefore, the host plant is protected from pathogens.)

      प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding Methods):-

i. वरण (Selection)

ii. पुर:स्थापन (Introduction)      

iii. उत्परिवर्तन (Mutation)

iv. संकरण (वंशावली विधि  प्रतीप संकरण विधि)

[Hybridization (Pedigree method and Back cross method)]

v. कायिक क्लोनीय विविधताएँ (Somaclonal variations)

vi. आनुवांशिक अभियांत्रिकी (Genetic Engineering)

2. कीट रोधिता के लिए प्रजनन (Breeding for Insect Resistance):-

      कीट रोधिता (Insect Resistance):- परपोषी का वह गुण जिसमें वह कीट को क्षति पहुंचाने से रोकता हैकीट रोधिता कहलता है।

(The property of a host in which he prevents the insect from being damaged is called insect resistance.)

      कीट पीड़क के द्वारा पहुंचाई जाने वाली क्षति को 5 वर्गों में विभाजित किया जाता है –

(The damage caused by insect pests is divided into 5 classes -)

i. असंक्रामयता (Immunity)

ii. उच्च रोधिता (High Resistance)

iii. अल्प रोधिता (Low Resistance)

iv. ग्राहिता (Susceptibility)

v. उच्च ग्राहिता (High Susceptibility)

      कीट रोधिता की क्रियाविधि (Mechanism of Insect Resistance):- यह एक फसल से दूसरी फसल में परिवर्तित होती रहती है। यहाँ हम 4 सामान्य क्रियाविधियों के बारे में देखेंगे:-

(It keeps on changing from one crop to another. Here we will see about 4 common mechanisms: -)

a. अवरीयता (Non preference)

b. प्रतिजीविता (Antibiosis)

c. सहिष्णुता (Tolerance)

d. परिवर्जन (Avoidance)

a. अवरीयता (Non preference):-

Ø  इसे अस्वीकृति (Non - acceptance प्रतिजीनोसिस (Antixenosisभी कहते हैं।

(It is also called Non-acceptance and Antixenosis.)

Ø  इस क्रियाविधि में कीट पीड़क विशिष्ट परपोषी पादप को खाना  उस पर अंडे देना पसन्द नहीं करता है।

(In this mechanism, the insect pest does not like to feed and lay eggs on the specific host plant.)

Ø  उदाहरण:- रसभरी  चुकंदर में Aphids के प्रति रोधिता पायी जाती है।

(Example: - Raspberry and beet are found to be resistant to Aphids.)

b. प्रतिजीविता (Antibiosis):- इस क्रियाविधि में परपोषी पादप में एक विषैला रसायन पाया जाता है। जब कीट पीड़क इस पादप को खाता है तो यह विषैला रसायन कीट की वृद्धिविकास  जनन पर विपरीत प्रभाव डालता है जिससे कीट की मृत्यु हो जाती है।

(In this mechanism, a toxic chemical is found in the host plant. When the insect pests feed on this plant, this toxic chemical adversely affects the growth, development and reproduction of the insect, leading to the death of the insect.)

उदाहरण:- कपास के पौधे में Gossypol नाम का एक विषैला रसायन पाया जाता है जो बॉल वर्म को नष्ट कर देता है।

(Example: - Gossypol is a toxic chemical found in cotton plant which destroys the ball worm.)

c. सहिष्णुता (Tolerance):- जब 2 पादप किस्मों में कीट द्वारा क्षति का परिमाण एक समान होता है परन्तु एक किस्म की उपज दूसरी किस्म से काफी अधिक होती है तो अधिक उपज वाली किस्म का यह गुण सहिष्णुता कहलाता है। अर्थात यह किस्म कीट क्षति को सहन कर सकती है।

(When 2 plant varieties have the same magnitude of insect damage, but the yield of one variety is much higher than the other variety, this property of higher yielding variety is called tolerance. That is, this variety can tolerate insect damage.)

उदाहरण:- ज्वार के पौधे में तना छेदक के प्रति सहिष्णुता

(Examples: - Tolerance of stem borer in sorghum plant)

d. परिवर्जन (Avoidance):-

Ø  इस क्रियाविधि को रोग पलायन भी कहते हैं।

(This procedure is also called disease migration.)

Ø  इस क्रियाविधि में हम फसलों की ऐसी किस्में उगाते हैं जो कीटों के आक्रमण के समय कम ग्राही अवस्था में होती हों।

(In this mechanism, we grow varieties of crops that are in low susceptibility at the time of insect attack.)

Ø  उदाहरण:- कपास की शीघ्र पकने वाली किस्में Pink boll worm के संक्रमण से सुरक्षित रहती हैं।

(Example: - Early maturing varieties of cotton are protected from infection by Pink boll worm.)

      प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding Methods):-

i. वरण (Selection)             

ii. पुर:स्थापन (Introduction)

iii. संकरण (वंशावली विधि  प्रतीप संकरण विधि)

[Hybridization (Pedigree method and Back cross method)]

iv. आनुवांशिक अभियांत्रिकी (Genetic Engineering)