Chilies Crop Improvement

UPDATED ON:- 01-07-2023  
मिर्च फसल उन्नयन (Chilies Crop Improvement):-

1. परिचय (Introduction):-

·         सामान्य नाम:- मिर्च

(Common Name:- Chili)

·         वानस्पतिक नाम:- Capsicum spp.

(Botanical Name:- Capsicum spp.)

·         कुल:- सोलेनेसी

(Family:- Solanaceae)

·         गुणसूत्र संख्या:- 2n = 2x = 24

(Chromosome Numbers:- 2n = 2x = 24)

2. जातियाँ  उत्पत्ति केन्द्र (Species and Center of Origin):-

·         मिर्च की कुल 5 कृष्य जातियाँ हैं।

(There are total 5 cultivated species of chili.)

3. पुष्पीय बायोलॉजी (Floral Biology):-

·         मिर्च में पर्ण के कक्ष में एकल पुष्प उपस्थित होता है।

(Chili has a single flower found in the leaf axis.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प द्विलिंगीवृन्तीय  त्रिज्यातसममित होता है।

(Each flower is bisexual, pedicellate and actinomorphic.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 हरे रंग के बाह्यदल होते हैं जो आपस में जुड़े रहते हैं। मिर्च में बाह्यदल स्थायी होते हैं जिन्हें फल पर लगा हुआ देखा जा सकता है। यह सोलेनेसी कुल का लाक्षणिक गुण है।

(Each flower has 5 green sepals which are fused. sepals in chili are persistent which can be seen on the fruit. This is a characteristic feature of the Solanaceae family.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में सफेद रंग के 5  संयुक्त दल होते हैं।

(Each floral has 5 petals of white color.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 पुंकेसर होते हैं। प्रत्येक पुंकेसर का पुतन्तु आधार पर दल से जुड़ा रहता हैअर्थात पुंकेसर दललग्न होते हैं।

(Each flower has 5 stamens. The filament of each stamen is attached to the petal at base, that is, the stamens are epipetalous.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 2 संयुक्त अण्डप होते हैं तथा बीजाण्ड स्तम्भीय बीजाण्डन्यास में पाये जाते है। प्लासेंटा फूला हुआ होता है। अण्डपों के 45° के कोण पर घूम जाने से प्लासेंटा तिरछा व्यवस्थित होता है। यह सोलेनेसी कुल का लाक्षणिक गुण है।

(Each flower has 2 fused carpels and ovules are found in axile placentation. Placenta is swollen. Placenta is oblique due to the rotation of carpels at an angle of 45 °. This is a characteristic feature of the Solanaceae family.)

·         परागण (Pollination):-

Ø  प्राकृतिक रूप से मिर्च एक स्वपरागित फसल है। इसमें 84% स्वपरागण  16% परपरागण होता है। परपरागण मधुमक्खियोंचींटियों  थ्रिप्स के द्वारा होता है।

(Naturally, chili is a self-pollinated crop. It has 84% ​​self-pollination and 16% cross pollination. Cross pollination is done by bees, ants and thrips.)

·         फल (Fruit):- बैरी (Berry)

·         मिर्च  में तीखापन एक ऐल्कलोइड के कारण होता है जिसे Capsaicin कहते हैं।

(The pungency in chili is due to the presence an alkaloids called Capsaicin.)

4प्रजनन उद्देश्य (Breeding Objectives):-

a. अधिक उपज (Higher Yield):- मिर्च में उपज निम्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है –

(The yield in chilies depends on the following factors -)

i. पौधे का फैलाव (Spreading of Plant)

ii. प्रति पौधा फलों की संख्या

(Number of fruits per plant)

iii. फल का आकार

(Size of fruit)

b. गुणवत्ता (Quality):-

Ø  Capsaicin की मात्रा को बढ़ाना

(To increasing the amount of capsaicin)

Ø  Capsaicin = C18H27NO3

c. रोग रोधिता (Disease Resistance):- 

Ø  Fruit rot

Ø  Cercospora leaf spot

Ø  Bacterial leaf spot

Ø  Powdery mildew

Ø  Root rot

Ø  Common leaf curl virus

Ø  Damping off

d. कीट रोधिता (Insect resistance):-

Ø  Thrips

Ø  Mites

Ø  Aphids

Ø  Fruit borer

Ø  Cur worm

5प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding Methods):-

a. शुद्ध वंशक्रम वरण (Pure line Selection):-

Ø  – 1234

Ø  Kalyanpur – YellowRedChaman

b. वंशावली विधि (Pedigree method):-

Ø  Pusa Jawala

Ø  Pusa Sadabahar

Ø  – 20197235

c. उत्परिवर्तन प्रजनन (Mutation Breeding):- – 1 किस्म में गामा किरणों द्वारा उत्परिवर्तन करके MDU – 1 किस्म विकसित की गई है।

(The MDU-1 variety has been developed from the K - 1 variety by mutation by gamma rays.)

d. हिटेरोसिस प्रजनन (Heterosis Breeding):-

Ø  HOE – 888

Ø  Arka – Harita

Ø  Arka – Meghna

e. Biotic Stress Breeding (जैविक प्रतिबल प्रजनन):-

Ø  Punjab Red – कीट  रोग रोधी किस्म

(Insect and disease resistance varieties)