Pre and Post Mendelian Concepts of Heredity

आनुवंशिकी की पूर्व  पश्च मेंडेलियन अवधारणायें (Pre and Post Mendelian Concepts of Heredity):-
पूर्व मेंडेलियन अवधारणायें (Pre Mendelian Concepts):-
·         मेंडल से पहले अनेक वैज्ञानिकों ने जनकों से संतति में लक्षणों के स्थानांतरण को समझाने का प्रयास किया।
(Before Mendel, many scientists tried to explain the transfer of traits from parents to progeny.)
·         अन्धी आनुवंशिकता के वाद (Theories of Blending Inheritance):- 
इन वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार सन्तति में स्थानांतरण के दौरान जनकों के लक्षण मिश्रित हो जाते हैंअर्थात आनुवंशिकता अन्धी होती है।
(According to these scientists, during the transfer to the progeny, the traits of the parents get mixed, that is, the heredity is blind.)
·         ये वाद हैं:-
(These theories are:-)
1. Moist Vapour Theory
2. Fluid Theory
3. Reproductive Blood Theory
4. Pre Formation Theory
5. Theory of Pangenesis
1. Moist Vapour Theory:-
Ø  यह वाद Pythagoras (580 – 500 B.C.के द्वारा दिया गया था।
[This theory was given by Pythagoras (580 – 500 B.C.).]
Ø  इसके अनुसार नर जनक के शरीर का प्रत्येक अंग एक नम वाष्प उत्पन्न करता है जो भ्रूण के विभिन्न अंगों का निर्माण करती है।
(According to this, each part of the body of the male parent produces a moist vapour which forms the various organs of the embryo.)
2. Fluid Theory:-
Ø  यह वाद Empedocles (504 – 433 B.C.के द्वारा दिया गया था।
[This theory was given by Empedocles (504 – 433 B.C.).]
Ø  इसके अनुसार शरीर का प्रत्येक भाग एक द्रव उत्पन्न करता है। दो जनकों के विभिन्न शरीर भागों का द्रव   मिश्रित हो जाता है  इस मिश्रण का उपयोग भ्रूण के निर्माण में होता है।
(According to this, each part of the body produces a fluid. The fluids of different body parts of two parents mixes and this mixture is used in the formation of the embryo.)
3. Reproductive Blood Theory:-
Ø  यह वाद Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.के द्वारा दिया गया था।
[This theory was given by Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.).]
Ø  अरस्तू सोचता था कि नर उच्च शुद्धिकृत रुधिर उत्पन्न करता है जिसमें सभी शरीर भागों से आए हुए पोषक उपस्थित होते हैं। मादा भी जनन रुधिर उत्पन्न करती है परन्तु यह अशुद्ध होता है।
(Aristotle thought that males produced highly purified blood containing nutrients from all body parts. The female also produces reproductive blood but it is impure.)
Ø  उपरोक्त दोनों जनन रुधिर मादा के शरीर में अवक्षेपित होकर भ्रूण का निर्माण करते हैं।
(Both of the above reproductive blood precipitate in the female body to form the embryo.)
Ø  जनन रुधिर की अधिक शुद्धता के कारण नर के द्वारा लक्षणों का योगदान मादा की तुलना में अधिक रहता है।
(Due to the higher purity of reproductive blood, the contribution of traits by the male is greater than that of the female.)
4. Pre Formation Theory:-
Ø  यह वाद Swammerdam के द्वारा 1679 में दिया गया था।
(This theory was given by Swammerdam in 1679.)
Ø  इसके अनुसार जीव पहले से ही छोटे रूप में शुक्राणु या अण्ड कोशिका में उपस्थित होता है जिसे homunculus कहते हैं। इसकी वृद्धि को प्रेरित करने के लिए निषेचन की आवश्यकता होती है।
(According to this, organism is already present as miniature form in sperm or egg cell which is called homunculus. Fertilization is required to induce its growth.)
Ø  Leeuwenhoek ने 1672 में सबसे पहले शुक्राणु को देखा।
(Leeuwenhoek first observed sperm in 1672.)
Ø  Theory of Epigenesis:- यह वाद Wolff के द्वारा दिया गया जो Pre Formation Theory को निरस्त करता   है। Wolff ने बताया कि शरीर के अंगों का निर्माण step by step होता है।
(This theory was given by Wolff who rejects the Pre Formation Theory. Wolff told that body organs are formed step by step.)
5. Theory of Pangenesis:-
Ø  यह वाद Maupertius (1698 - 1757) के द्वारा दिया गया था।
[This argument was given by Maupertius (1698 - 1757).]
Ø  इसके अनुसार आनुवंशिकता छोटे कणों के द्वारा नियंत्रित होती है जो शरीर के सभी भागों से जनन अंगों तक आते हैं। ये कण भ्रूण में इकट्ठे होकर अपनी संख्या बढ़ाते हैं।
(According to this, heredity is controlled by tiny particles that travel from all parts of the body to the reproductive organs. These particles collect in the embryo and increase their number.)
Ø  एक जनक के कुछ विशिष्ट कण दूसरे जनक की तुलना में प्रभावी होते हैं इसलिए सन्तति कुछ कुछ लक्षणों में पहले जनक से समानता प्रदर्शित करती हैं।
(Some specific particles of one parent are dominant than the other parent, so the offspring show similarity to the first parent in some traits.)
Ø  Darwin (1868):- इसने इस Theory को रूपान्तरित किया तथा सोचा कि शरीर की प्रत्येक कायिक कोशिका  ऊतक छोटे कण उत्पन्न करते हैं जिन्हें Gemmules या Pangenes कहते हैं।
(He modified this theory and thought that every somatic cell and tissue in the body produces tiny particles called gemmules or pangenes.)
शरीर कोशिकाओं के सभी Gemmules या Pangenes युग्मकों में एकत्रित होते हैं तथा जाइगोट में पास हो जाते हैं जहाँ ये भ्रूण के विभिन्न भागों की वृद्धि को निर्देशित करते हैं ताकि सन्तति का निर्माण किया जा सके।
(All the Gemmules or Pangenes of the body cells aggregate into gametes and pass to the zygote where they direct the growth of different parts of the embryo to produce offspring.)
आनुवंशिकता के सामान्य गुण (Basic Features of Inheritance):- 
मेंडल के कार्य से पहले Kolreuter (1760), Goss (1822), Naudin (1864)  अन्य पादप प्रजनकों के कार्य ने   आनुवंशिकता के 6 आधारीय लक्षणों को प्रदर्शित किया:-
(Before Mendel's work, the work of Kolreuter (1760), Goss (1822), Naudin (1864) and other plant breeders demonstrated six basic characteristics of inheritance:-)
i. लक्षणों के एकांतरित रूप होते हैं।
(Traits have alternative forms.)
उदाहरण (Example):- पौधे की लंबाई (लम्बा  बौना)
[Plant length (Tall and dwarf)]
ii. लक्षण मिश्रित या रूपांतरित नहीं होते हैं।
(Traits are not mixed or modified.)
iii. एक लक्षण का एक एकान्तर रूप प्रभावी हो सकता है।
(One alternative form of a trait may be dominant.)
iv. एक लक्षण का एक एकान्तर रूप एक या अधिक पीढ़ियों तक छुपकर रह सकता है तथा अपरिवर्तित अवस्था में पुनप्रकट हो सकता है।
(One alternative form of a trait may remain hidden for one or more generations and reappear in an unchanged state.)
v. दो या अधिक लक्षणों के एकांतरित रूप एक पीढ़ी में साथ – साथ प्रकट हो सकते हैं तथा आगे की पीढ़ियों में   अलग हो सकते हैं।
(Alternate forms of two or more traits may appear together in one generation and may be separate in subsequent generations.)
vi. दो एकान्तर रूपों में से लक्षण का केवल एक रूप ही सन्तति में प्रकट होता है।
(Of the two alternative forms, only one form of the trait appears in the progeny.)
पश्च मेंडेलियन अवधारणायें (Post Mendelian Concepts):-
·         Mendel ने 1866 में बताया कि आनुवंशिकता Paired germinal units के द्वारा नियंत्रित होती है जिसे   कारक कहते हैं। वर्तमान में इन्हें जीन कहा जाता है।
(Mendel stated in 1866 that heredity is controlled by paired germinal units called factors. Currently these are called genes.)
·         ये कारक शरीर की सभी कोशिकाओं में पाये जाते हैं।
(These factors are found in all cells of the body.)
·         कारक एक पीढ़ी से दूसरी पीढ़ी में युग्मकों के द्वारा स्थानांतरित होते हैं।
(Factors are transferred from one generation to next through gametes.)
·         कारकों को आनुवंशिकी का भौतिक आधार कहते हैं।
(Factors are called the physical basis of inheritance.)
·         कारक गुणसूत्रों के छोटे खण्ड होते हैं।
(Factors are short segments of chromosomes.)
·         कारक पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी गुणसूत्रों के घटकों के रूप में पास होते हैं। इसलिए कारकों को आनुवंशिकी का   गुणसूत्रीय आधार भी कहते हैं।
(Factors are passed from generation to generation as components of chromosomes. Therefore factors are also called chromosomal basis of inheritance.)
·         गुणसूत्र में उपस्थित आनुवांशिक पदार्थ DNA होता है। कारक DNA के खण्ड होते हैं जिन्हें Cistrons भी   कहते हैं। इसलिए DNA को आनुवंशिकी का रासायनिक आधार कहते हैं।
(The genetic material present in the chromosome is DNA. Factors are segments of DNA also called cistrons. Therefore DNA is called the chemical basis of inheritance.)


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