Rabi Crops, Chromosome Numbers, Center of Origin, Floral Biology, Breeding Objectives and Breeding Methods

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OUTLINE NOTES
Rabi Crops, Chromosome Numbers, Center of Origin, Floral Biology, Breeding Objectives and Breeding Methods:-
1. रबी फसलें (Rabi Crops):-

·  धान्य फसलें (Cereals):- गेहूँ (Wheat)

· दालें (Pulses):- चना (Chickpea)

· तेल बीज फसलें (Oilseed Crops):- तोरिया (Rapeseed)

· चारा फसलें (Fodder Crops):- बरसीम (Berseem)

· नकदी फसलें (Cash crops):- गन्ना (Sugarcane)

· बीज मसाले व औषधीय पौधे (Seed spices and Medicinal Plants):- धनिया (Coriander)

· सब्जियाँ (Vegetables):- आलू (Potato) 

2. गुणसूत्र संख्या (Chromosome Numbers):-

बहुगुणिता(Polyploidy):- किसी पादप के जीनोम की संख्या का 3 गुना, 4 गुना या अधिक गुना होना ही बहुगुणिता कहलाता है। इसे सत्यगुणिता भी कहते हैं।  

(3 time, 4 time or more time increase in numbers of genome of a plant, is called as polyploidy. It is also called as Eupolyploidy.)

3. उत्पत्ति केंद्र (Center of Origin):-

•    De Candolle (1886) के अनुसार):-

[According to De Candolle (1886)] 

कृष्य पौधों की उत्पत्ति जंगली पौधों से हुई है।

(Cultivated plants originate from wild plants.)

•    N. I. Vavilov (1887 - 1943):-

इसने 1920 – 30 (10 वर्ष) तक उत्पत्ति केन्द्र पर खोज की।

(He continued research on center of origin up to 10 years from 1920 to 1930.)

•    परिभाषा(Definition):- वह भौगोलिक क्षेत्र जहां पर किसी पादप जाति की अधिकतम विविधता पायी जाती  है, उत्पत्ति केन्द्र कहलाता है।

(A geographical area which has maximum diversity of a plant species, called as center of origin.)

8 उत्पत्ति केंद्र (8 Centers of Origin):- Vavilov ने 8 उत्पत्ति केन्द्र बनाए - 

(Vavilov make 8 centers of origin - )

i. China

ii. Indian Center

iii. Central Asia

iv. Minor Asia (Near Eastern) (Persian Center)

v. Mediterranean Center

vi. Ethiopian Center (Abyssinian Center)

vii. Central America (Mesoamerican Center) (Mexican Center)

viii. South America

4. पुष्पीय बायोलॉजी (Floral Biology):- 

पुष्प की संरचना (Structure of Flower):- फ़सली पौधों में लैंगिक जनन के लिए पुष्प होता है।पुष्प में नर जननांग को पुंकेसर व मादा जननांग को अंडप कहते हैं।

(Flower is required for sexual reproduction in crop plants. In flower male reproductive organ is called stamen and female reproductive organ is called carpel.)

5. प्रजनन उद्देश्य (Breeding Objectives):-

i. अधिक उपज (Higher Yield)

ii. गुणवत्ता सुधार (Quality Improvement)

iii. रोग व कीट रोधिता (Disease and Insect Resistance)

iv. शीघ्र परिपक्वता (Early Maturation)


6. प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding Methods):- 

i. पादप पुर:स्थापन (Plant Introduction)
ii. शुद्ध वंशक्रम वरण (Pure line Selection)
iii. समूह वरण (Mass Selection)
iv. पुंज विधि (Bulk Method)
v. प्रतीप संकरण विधि (Back Cross Method)

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