Somaclonal Variations and its Use in Crop Improvement, Cryopreservation

OUTLINE NOTES

कायिक क्लोनीय विविधताएँ (Somaclonal Variations):-

1. सामान्य परिचय (General Introduction):-

·  परिभाषा (Definition):- पादप ऊत्तक संवर्धन के द्वारा पादपों में उत्पन्न होने वाली आनुवंशिक विविधताएँ जिन्हें लक्षण प्रारूप के रूप में देखा जा सकता है।

(The genetic variations that develops in plants through plant tissue culture and which can be seen as phenotypes.)

·  इसमें गुणसूत्रों की संख्या  संरचना में परिवर्तन हो जाता है जिससे पादपों के निम्न लक्षणों में परिवर्तन  जाता है:- 

(In this, the number and structure of chromosomes changes, due to which the following characteristics of plants change.)

i. पर्ण की आकृति  रंग (Leaf shape and colour)

ii. वृद्धि दर (Growth rate)

iii. स्वभाव (Habit)

iv. लैंगिक उर्वरता (Sexual fertility)

·  ये आनुवंशिक उत्परिवर्तन होते हैं जो पादपों में पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी वंशागत होते हैं।

(These are genetic mutations that are inherited from generation to generation in plants.)

2. प्रकार (Types):- 2 प्रकार हैं (2 types are)–

a. आनुवंशिक विविधताएँ (Genetic Variations):-

Ø  इन्हें वंशागत विविधताएँ भी कहते हैं।

(They are also called as heritable variations.)

Ø  ये कर्तोंत्तक की कायिक कोशिकाओं में पहले से ही विध्यमान विविधताएँ होती हैं।

(These are already existing variations in the somatic cells of explant.)

Ø  ये उत्परिवर्तनों  अन्य DNA परिवर्तनों के कारण उत्पन्न होती हैं।

(They are caused by mutations and other DNA changes.)

Ø  इनकी आवृति उच्च होती है अर्थात बहुत अधिक देखने को मिलती है।

(Their frequency is high, that is, they are seen very commonly.)

b. अधिआनुवंशिक विविधताएँ (Epigenetic Variations):-

Ø  इन्हें अवंशागत विविधताएँ भी कहते हैं।

(They are also called as non-heritable variations.)

Ø  ये पादप ऊत्तक संवर्धन के दौरान उत्पन्न होने वाली विविधताएँ होती हैं।

(These are the variations that occur during plant tissue culture.)

Ø  ये लक्षण प्रारूप में अस्थायी परिवर्तन के कारण उत्पन्न होती हैं।

(These variations arise due to temporary changes in phenotype.)

Ø  इनकी आवृति कम होती है अर्थात बहुत कम देखने को मिलती हैं।

(Their frequency is low which means they are rarely seen.)


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