Sorghum Crop Improvement

UPDATED ON:- 01-07-2023
ज्वार फसल सुधार  (Sorghum Crop Improvement):-

1. परिचय (Introduction):-

·         सामान्य नाम:- ज्वार, जोन्ना, जोला, सोरघम

(Common names: - Jowar, Jonna, Jolla, Sorghum)

·         वानस्पतिक नाम:- Sorghum bicolor

(Botanical Name:- Sorghum bicolor)

·         कुल:- ग्रेमिनी या पोएसी

(Family:- Gramineae or Poaceae)

·         C4 – पादप

(C4 – Plant)


2. जातियाँ  गुणसूत्र संख्या (Species and Chromosome Numbers):-

·         Sorghum bicolor को आगे 3 उप-जातियों में विभाजित किया गया है:-

(Sorghum bicolor is further divided into 3 sub-species: -)

i. drumondii:- इसे Shattercane या Sudan grass भी कहते हैं।

(It is also called Shattercane or Sudan grass.)

ii. bicolor:- यह कृष्य उप-जाति है।

(This is cultivated sub-species.)

iii. arundinaceum


3. उत्पत्ति केंद्र (Center of Origin):- ज्वार की उत्पत्ति अफ्रीका के उत्तरी – पूर्वी भाग में विशेष रूप से Modern Ethiopia  Sudan regions में हुई है।

(The sorghum originated in the north-eastern part of Africa, especially in Modern Ethiopia and Sudan regions.)


4. पुष्पीय बायोलॉजी (Floral Biology):-

·         ज्वार के पौधे की लंबाई 0.5 – 6 मीटर तक हो सकती है।

(The sorghum plant can have a length of 0.5 - 6 meters.)

·         प्रत्येक पौधे के शीर्ष पर स्पाइक पुष्पक्रम के रूप में एक पैनिकल उपस्थित रहती है। जैसा कि नीचे diagram   में प्रदर्शित किया गया है।

(A panicle is present in the form of a spike inflorescence at the top of each plant. As shown in the diagram below.)

·         पैनिकल की लंबाई 50 – 60 cm  चौड़ाई 30 cm होती है।

(Panicle length is 50 - 60 cm and width is 30 cm.)

·         प्रत्येक पैनिकल में प्राथमिक  द्वितीयक शाखाएँ उपस्थित होती हैं जो स्पाइकिकाओं को धारण किए रहती हैं। जैसा कि नीचे diagram में प्रदर्शित किया गया है।

(In each panicle, primary and secondary branches are present which bear the spikelets. As shown in the diagram below.)

·         स्पाइकिकायें हमेशा जोड़ों में पाई जाती हैं। प्रत्येक स्पाइकिका जोड़े में 2 स्पाइकिकायें होती हैं जिनमें से एक   अवृन्तीय  दूसरी वृन्तीय होती है। अवृन्तीय स्पाइकिका उर्वर तथा वृन्तीय स्पाइकिका बंध्य होती है। जैसा कि नीचे   diagram में प्रदर्शित किया गया है।

(Spikelets are always found in pairs. Each spikelet pair consists of 2 spikelets, one of which is sessile and the other is pedicellate. The sessile spikelet is fertile and the pedicellate spikelet is sterile. As shown in the diagram below.)

·         प्रत्येक अवृन्तीय स्पाइकिका में 2 पुष्प होते हैं जो आंतरिक  बाहरी ग्लूम सहपत्र से घिरे रहते हैं। इनमें से   ऊपरी पुष्प पूर्ण  निचला पुष्प ह्रासित होता है।

(Each sessile spikelet has 2 flowers which are covered by inner and outer glume bracts. Of these, the upper flower is complete and the lower flower is reduced.)

·         ऊपरी पूर्ण पुष्प में लेमा  पेलिया के द्वारा ढके 3 पुंकेसरअण्डप  2 लोडिक्यूल्स उपस्थित होते हैं। अण्डप की वर्तिकाग्र द्विशाखित  पंखनुमा या ब्रुशनुमा होती है। जैसा कि नीचे diagram में प्रदर्शित किया गया है।

(The upper complete flower has 3 stamens, 1 carpel, and 2 lodicules covered by lemma and palea. The stigma of the carpel is bifurcated and feather or brush like. As shown in the diagram below.)

·         निचले ह्रासित पुष्प में लेमा  पेलिया के द्वारा ढके 3 पुंकेसर  2 लोडिक्यूल्स उपस्थित होते हैं। इसमें अण्डप   का अभाव होता है जैसा कि नीचे diagram में प्रदर्शित किया गया है।

(In the lower reduced flower, there are 3 stamens and 2 lodicules covered by lemma and palea. It lacks carpel, as shown in the diagram below.)

· पुष्प चित्र (Floral Diagram):-

·         परागण (Pollination):-

Ø  पुष्पन सुबह जल्दी शुरू होकर देर रात तक होता रहता है।

(Flowering starts early in the morning and continues till late night.)

Ø   पुष्पन पैनिकल के शीर्ष से शुरू होकर नीचे की ओर बढ़ता जाता है।

(Flowering start from the top of the panicle and progresses downwards.)

Ø  ज्वार में वायुपरागण होता है।

(Pollination occurs by anemophilly in sorghum crop..)

Ø  ज्वार सामान्यतया स्वपरागित फसल है। वर्तिकाग्र पुष्पन से पहले ही ग्रहणशील हो जाती है और वर्तिकाग्र परागकोषों के स्फुटन से पहले ही बाहर निकल जाती है। इसे स्त्रीपूर्वता कहते हैं। इसी के कारण  6 – 30% तक परपरागण भी हो जाता है।

(Jowar is generally a self-pollinated crop. The stigma become receptive before flowering, and the stigma comes out before the dehiscence of the anthers. It is called protogyny. Due to this, there is also cross pollination up to 6 - 30%.)

Ø  लोडिक्यूल्स के फूलने के कारण ग्लूम्स खुल जाते हैं जिससे वर्तिकाग्र बाहर निकल आती है।

(Due to the swelling of the lodicules, the glumes are opened, causing the stigma to comes out.)

Ø  पुष्पन के 8 – 16 दिन बाद तक वर्तिकाग्र ग्राही बनी रहती है।

(After 8–16 days of flowering, the stigma remains receptive.)

Ø  परागकण कुछ घंटों तक जीवनक्षम बने रहते हैं।

(Pollens remain viable for a few hours.)

Ø  परागण के 2 – 4 घंटों में निषेचन की प्रक्रिया पूर्ण हो जाती है।

(The process of fertilization is completed within 2 - 4 hours of pollination.)

·     फल (Fruit):- कैरिओप्सिस (इसमें बीजचोल  फलभित्ति आपस में संलयित होते हैं।)

[Caryopsis (In this seed coat and fruit wall are fused with each other.)]


 5. प्रजनन उद्देश्य (Breeding Objectives):-

a. अधिक उपज (Higher Yield):- ज्वार में उपज निम्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है –

(The yield in sorghum depends on the following factors -)

i. पैनिकल की लम्बाई  चौड़ाई

(Panicle length and width)

ii. प्रति पैनिकल प्राथमिक  द्वितीयक शाखाओं की संख्या

(Number of primary and secondary branches per panicle)

iii. 100 ग्राम बीजों का भार

(Weight of 100 gram seeds)

iv. प्रति पैनिकल स्पाइकिकाओं की संख्या

(Number of spikelets per panicle)

b. अधिक चारा उपज (Higher Fodder Yield):- 35% ज्वार पशु चारे के लिए बोई जाती है।

(35% of sorghum is cultivated for animal feed.)

c. शीघ्र परिपक्वता (Early Maturation):-

·         ज्वार पकने में 90 – 170 दिन का समय लेती है।

(The sorghum takes 90 - 170 days for maturation.)

·         पकने की अवधि को 3 कारक प्रभावित करते हैं:-

(3 factors affect the maturation period: -)

i. जीन प्रारूप (Genotype)

ii. तापमान (Temperature)

iii. प्रकाशकाल (Photo period)

d. कीट रोधिता (Insect Resistance):-ज्वार की फसल को कई प्रकार के कीट क्षति पहुंचा सकते हैं जो आर्थिक नुकसान करते हैं।इन कीटों के प्रति   रोधिता उत्पन्न करना एक उद्देश्य रहता है।

(Several types of insect pests can cause damage to the jowar crop which leads to economic loss. Hence one objective is to generate resistance against these insect pests.)

i. Shoot fly

ii. Stem Borer

iii. Midge

eरोग रोधिता (Disease Resistance):- 

ज्वार की फसल में कई प्रकार रोग उत्पन्न हो सकते हैं जो आर्थिक नुकसान कर सकते हैं। इस रोगों के प्रति   रोधिता उत्पन्न करना एक उद्देश्य रहता है।

(Several types of diseases can occur in the jowar crop which can cause economic loss. Developing resistance against these diseases is also objective of plant breeding.)

i. Leaf blight

ii. Leaf spot

iii. Anthracnose

iv. Red rot

v. Downy mildew

vi. Rust

vii. Ergot

viii. Charcoal rot

ix. Milo disease

x. Covered and Loose smut

f. अजैविक प्रतिबल रोधिता(Abiotic Stress Resistance):-

i. पतन रोधिता (Fall proof)

ii. लवण रोधिता (Salt resistance)

iiiसूखा रोधिता (Drought resistance)

g. विशिष्ट लक्षण (Special Characters):-

i. मीठी ज्वार (Sweet sorghum)

ii. Striga खरपतवार रोधिता

(Striga weed resistance)

h. पोषक मूल्य (Nutritive value):- ज्वार में लाइसिन मुख्य अमीनो अम्ल होता है। इसकी मात्रा बढ्ने से   गुणवत्ता में वृद्धि होती है।

(Lysine is the main amino acid in jowar. Increasing its quantity increases the quality.)


6. प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding methods):-

a. पुर:स्थापन (Introduction):-

·         अनेक देशों जैसे पाकिस्तानदक्षिण एशियाचीनजापानअफ्रीका, USA आदि से ज्वार के जननद्रव्य को भारत में आयात किया गया है।

(Sorghum germplasm have been imported into India from many countries like Pakistan, South Asia, China, Japan, Africa, USA etc.)

·         इन जननद्रव्यों का उपयोग प्रजनन कार्यों में विशेष रूप से संकर किस्मों के विकास में किया जाता है।

(These germplasms are used in breeding works, especially in the development of hybrid varieties.)

b. शुद्ध वंशक्रम वरण (Pure line Selection):-

·         PJ4K

·         16K

·         Vidisha 60 – 1

·         Icepuri

·         BP – 53

·         Coimbatore Selection – 1

c. किस्म संकरण (Variety Hybridization):-

·         प्रारम्भ में ज्वार की देशी किस्मों के मध्य क्रॉस कराकर शुद्ध वंशक्रम किस्मों को विकसित किया जाता था। इसके लिए वंशावली विधि का प्रयोग किया जाता था।

(Initially pure line varieties were developed by crossing between native varieties of jowar. The pedigree method was used for this.)

·         आधुनिक वर्षों में ज्वार की उष्ण  उपोष्ण किस्मों के मध्य क्रॉस द्वारा 6 किस्में विकसित की गई हैंCSV – 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (CSV = Coordinated Sorghum Varietiesइनकी औसत उपज 30 क्विंटल प्रति हेक्टेयर होती है।

[In modern years, 6 varieties have been developed by cross between tropical and subtropical varieties of sorghum: CSV - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (CSV = Coordinated Sorghum Varieties) with an average yield of 30 quintals per hectare.]

·         ज्वार की शीतोष्ण  उष्ण किस्मों के मध्य क्रॉस द्वारा 4 किस्में विकसित की गयी हैंCSV – 8R, CSV – 10, 11, 12 (CSV = Coordinated Sorghum Varietiesइनकी औसत उपज 35 क्विंटल प्रति हेक्टेयर होती है।

[There are 4 varieties developed by cross between temperate and tropical varieties of sorghum: CSV - 8R, CSV - 10, 11, 12 (CSV = Coordinated Sorghum Varieties) with average yield of 35 quintals per hectare.]

d. संकर किस्में (Hybrid Varieties):-

·         संकर किस्में विकसित करने के लिए हिटेरोसिस  CGMS का उपयोग किया जाता है।

(Heterosis and CGMS are used to develop hybrid varieties.)

·         उदाहरण:- CSH – 1 से CSH – 11 (कुल 11 किस्में) (CSH = Coordinated Sorghum Hybrid)

[Examples: - CSH - 1 to CSH - 11 (total 11 varieties) (CSH = Coordinated Sorghum Hybrid)]


7. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रोग्राम (International Programme):-

·         ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics):- 

भारत में इसकी शुरुआत 1972 में पंटेचेरुहैदराबादआंध्रप्रदेश में हुई थी।

(It started in India in 1972 in Patancheru, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.)

·         इस संस्थान में निम्न फसलों पर उन्नयन एंव शुष्क कृषि पर अनुसंधान कार्य किया जा रहा है:-

(Research work on improvement and dry farming is being done on the following crops in this institute: )

i. ज्वार (Sorghum)

ii. बाजरा (Bajra)

iii. मूँगफली (Groundnut)

iv. अरहर (Pigeon pea)

v. चना (Gram)

·         यहाँ ज्वार के जननद्रव्य की 26000 प्राथमिक प्रविष्टियों का अनुरक्षण किया जा रहा है।

(Here 26000 primary entries of sorghum are being maintained.)

·         ICRISAT में ज्वार की सबसे अच्छी किस्में:-

(The best varieties of sorghum in ICRISAT: -)

i. ICSH – 10

ii. ICSH – 86646

iii. ICSH – 86647

iv. ICSH – 86749