Urd Crop Improvement

UPDATED ON:- 01-07-2023
उड़द फसल उन्नयन (Urd Crop Improvement):-

1. परिचय (Introduction):-

·         सामान्य नाम (Common Name):- उड़दकाला चना (Urd, Urdbean, Black Gram)

·         वानस्पतिक नाम (Botanical Name):- Vigna mungo

प्रारम्भ में उड़द का वानस्पतिक नाम Phaseolus mungo था जिसे बाद में Hepper ने बदलकर Vigna mungo कर   दिया।

(Initially Urd's botanical name was Phaseolus mungo, which was later changed by Hepper to Vigna mungo.)

·         कुल (Family):- लेग्यूमिनोसी या फैबेसी (Leguminosae or Fabaceae)

·     उपकुल (Sub - family):- पैपिलिओनेसी (Papilionaceae)

·         गुणसूत्र संख्या (Chromosome Numbers):- 2n = 2x = 22

·         उड़द के पौधे का मूलतंत्र गहरा होता है जो मृदा कणों को बाँधे रखने का कार्य करता है। इस प्रकार यह मृदा   अपर्दन को रोकता है।

(The root system of the urd plant is deep which acts to bind the soil particles. Thus it prevents soil erosion.)

2. उत्पत्ति केन्द्र (Center of Origin):-

·         उड़द की उत्पत्ति भारत में हुई।

(Urd crop is the origin of India.)

·         एक जंगली पूर्वज Vigna mungo var. silvestris से कृष्य जाति की उत्पत्ति हुई है।

(The cultivated species originated from a wild ancestor Vigna mungo var. silvestris.)

3. उपजातियाँ (Sub-species):- बोस (1932) के अनुसार Vigna mungo को आगे 2 उपजातियों में विभाजित   किया जा सकता है –

(According to Bose (1932) Vigna mungo can be further divided into 2 sub-species-)

i. Vigna mungo var. niger:- इसके पौधे शीघ्र परिपक्व हो जाते हैं और काले रंग के बड़े बीज होते हैं।

(Its plants mature early and have large sized black colored seeds.)

ii. Vigna mungo var. viridis:- इसके पौधे देरी से परिपक्व होते हैं और हरे रंग के छोटे बीज होते हैं।

(Its plants mature late and have small sized green colored seeds.)

4. पुष्पीय बायोलॉजी (Floral Biology):-

·         उड़द एकवर्षीय पौधा है जिसकी ऊंचाई 30 – 100 cm होती है।

(Urd is an annual plant with a height of 30 - 100 cm.)

·         उड़द में Raceme पुष्पक्रम होता है जिसमें  5 – 6 पुष्पों का एक गुच्छा पर्ण के कक्ष में पाया जाता है। जैसा कि   नीचे diagram में प्रदर्शित किया गया है।

(In Urd there is a raceme inflorescence in which a bunch of 5 - 6 flowers are found in the leaf axis. As shown in the diagram below.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प द्विलिंगीवृन्तीय  एकव्याससममित होता है।

(Each flower is bisexual, pedicellate and zygomorphic.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 हरे रंग के बाह्यदल होते हैं जो आपस में जुड़े रहते हैं।

(Each flower has 5 green sepals which are fused.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में पीले रंग के 5 दल होते हैं जो ध्वजीय दलविन्यास प्रदर्शित करते हैं। दल 3 प्रकार के होते हैं –

(Each flower has 5 yellow petals that represent vexillary aestivation. There are 3 types of petals -)

i. ध्वज (Vexillum, Standard):- ऊपरी 1 बड़ा दल

(Upper 1 large petal)

ii. पक्ष (Wing):- पार्श्वीय मध्यम दल

(2 lateral medium petals)

iii. नोतल (Keel, Carina):- निचले 2 छोटे दल जिनके अंदर पुंकेसर  स्त्रीकेसर बन्द रहते हैं। इस अवस्था में   स्वपरागण होता है जिसे निमिलित परागण कहते हैं।

(The lower 2 small petals inside which stamens and carpels remain enclosed. In this condition, self-pollination occurs, which is called cleistogamy.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 10 पुंकेसर होते हैं जो 9 + 1 के दो समूहों में पाये जाते है। अर्थात पुंकेसर द्विसंघी होते हैं।

(Each flower has 10 stamens which are found in two groups of 9 + 1. It means, stamens are diadelphous.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 1 अण्डप होता है जिसमें 8 से 15 बीजाण्ड सीमान्त बीजाण्डन्यास में पाये जाते है। इसकी   वर्तिकाग्र रोमीय  सर्पिलाकार कुण्डलित होती है।

(Each flower has 1 carpel, in which 8 to 15 ovules are found in marginal placentation. Its stigma is hairy and spirally coiled.)

·     पुष्पचित्र (Floral Diagram):- 

·         परागण (Pollination):-

Ø  प्राकृतिक रूप से उड़द एक स्वपरागित फसल है।

(Naturally urd is a self-pollinated crop.)

Ø  उड़द के पुष्पों में निमिलित परागण पाया जाता है अर्थात पुंकेसर  स्त्रीकेसर दोनों पुष्प में बन्द होते हैं। इसलिए   100% स्वपरागण होता है।

(Cleistogamy is found in the flowers of urd i.e. both the stamens and carpels are enclosed in the petals. Therefore there is 100% self-pollination.)

·         फल (Fruit):- पॉड या लैग्यूम (Pod or Legumeजो 4 – 6 cm लम्बे होते हैं। एक पॉड में 8 – 15 बीज होते हैं। बीज बहुत अधिक काले या गहरे भूरे होते हैं।

(Pod or Legume which are 4 - 6 cm long. A pod contains 8 - 15 seeds. The seeds are very black or dark brown.)

5. प्रजनन उद्देश्य (Breeding Objectives):-

a. अधिक उपज (Higher Yield):- उड़द में उपज निम्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है-

(The yield in urd depends on the following factors-)

i. प्रति पौधा पोड्स की संख्या

(Number of pods per plant)

ii. प्रति पॉड बीजों की संख्या

(Number of seeds per pod)

iii. पॉड का आकार

(Size of pod)

iv. बीज का आकार

(Size of seed)

b. विभिन्न परिपक्वन काल (Different maturity duration):-

Ø  शुष्क कृषि के लिए मध्यम परिपक्वन काल  उच्च उपज वाली क़िस्मों को विकसित करना।

(To develop medium maturity period and high yielding varieties for dry farming.)

Ø  सींचित क्षेत्रों के लिए लघु परिपक्वन काल  उच्च उपज वाली क़िस्मों को विकसित करना।

(To develop short maturity period and high yielding varieties for irrigated areas.)

Ø  जल भराव क्षेत्रों के लिए लघु परिपक्वन काल  उच्च उपज वाली क़िस्मों को विकसित करना।

(To develop short maturity period and high yielding varieties for waterlogged areas.)

c. रोग रोधिता (Diease Resistance):- 

उड़द की फसल में कई प्रकार रोग उत्पन्न हो सकते हैं जो आर्थिक नुकसान कर सकते हैं। इन रोगों के प्रति   रोधिता उत्पन्न करना एक उद्देश्य रहता है।

(Several types of diseases can occur in the urd crop which can cause economic loss. Developing resistance against these diseases is also objective of plant breeding.)

i. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus:- यह गंभीर रोग है। (This is a serious disease.)

ii. Leaf Crinkle Virus

iii. Cercospora Leaf Spot

iv. Rhizoctonia Blight

v. Macrophomina Blight

vi. Bacterial Leaf Spot

vii. Powdery mildew

viii. Root and Stem rot

d. कीट रोधिता (Insect resistance):-

उड़द की फसल को कई प्रकार के कीट क्षति पहुंचा सकते हैं जो आर्थिक नुकसान करते हैं। इन कीटों के प्रति   रोधिता उत्पन्न करना एक उद्देश्य रहता है।

(Several types of insect pests can cause damage to the urd crop which leads to economic loss. Hence one objective is to generate resistance against these insect pests.)

i. White fly:- यह Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus  Leaf Crinkle Virus के लिए वाहक का कार्य करती है।

ii. Leaf eating caterpillar

iii. Aphids

iv. Pod borer

e. अच्छी गुणवत्ता (Better Quality):-

Ø  उड़द के बीजों में 24% प्रोटीन होती है।

(Urd seeds contain 24% protein.)

Ø  उड़द में ऐसे वंशक्रम भी होते हैं जिनके बीजों में 27% प्रोटीन पायी जाती है। इनके उपयोग से प्रोटीन की मात्रा   को बढ़ाया जा सकता है।

(Urd also has lines whose seeds contain 27% protein. Protein content can be increased by using these lines.)

Ø  उड़द में गुणवत्ता निम्न कारकों द्वारा निर्धारित होती है:-

(Quality in urd is determined by the following factors: -)

i. प्रोटीन अंश (Protein content)

ii. मेथिओनिन अंश (Methionine Content):- 1.17%

iii. पकाव गुणता (Cooking quality):- समय (Time)

iv. कठोर बीजों का प्रतिशत (Percent of hard seeds.)

v. Dhall recovery:- 70%

[The dried grains are milled in a cylindrical abrasive mill to produce dehusked split dal, which is separated from other constituents with an air-screen grain cleaner. The average recovery for urd is claimed to be 70%.]

6. प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding Methods):-

a. पुर:स्थापन (Introduction):- उड़द की एक किस्म – 9 का U.P. से तमिलनाडू में पुर:स्थापन किया गया।

(A variety of urd T - 9 of U.P. was introduced in Tamil Nadu.)

b. शुद्ध वंशक्रम वरण (Pure line Selection)

c. दूरस्थ संकरण (Distant Hybridization):-

·         पंतनगर में Vigna mungo का क्रॉस Vigna mungo var. sylvestris से कराकर YMV रोधी वंशक्रम प्राप्त   किया गया। परन्तु इसमें पॉड विशरन की समस्या थी। इसके लिए अधिक संख्या में प्रतीप क्रॉस कराने का   सुझाव दिया गया।

(In Pantnagar, Vigna mungo is crossed with Vigna mungo var. sylvestris to develop YMV resistant lines . But there was a problem of pod shattering. For this, it was suggested to do a large number of back crosses.)

·         पॉड की लंबाई  पाचनशीलता को बढ़ाने के लिए Vigna mungo का क्रॉस Vigna radiata से कराया गया। परन्तु इसमें बंध्यता की समस्या थी।

(Vigna mungo is crossed with Vigna radiata to increase pod length and digestibility. But there was a problem of sterility in these lines.)

d. उत्परिवर्तन प्रजनन (Mutation Breeding):- उड़द की एक किस्म Co – 1 को EMS से उपचारित कर Co – 4 किस्म विकसित की गयी।

(In urd, a variety Co-4 was developed by treating Co-1 variety with EMS.)

e. भ्रूण बचाव (Embryo Rescue):- अंतराजातीय संकरणों में भ्रूण बचाव के प्रयास किए गए।

(Embryo rescue attempts were made in inter-specific hybridizations.)