Fennel Crop Improvement

सौंफ फसल उन्नयन (Fennel Crop Improvement):-

1. परिचय (Introduction):-

·         सामान्य नाम:- सौंफ

(Common Name:- Fennel)

·         वानस्पतिक नाम:- Foeniculum vulgare

(Botanical Name:- Foeniculum vulgare)

·         कुल:- ऐपीएसी या अम्बेलीफेरी

(Family:- Apiaceae or Umbelliferae)

·         भारत का सौंफ उत्पादन में विश्व में प्रथम स्थान है।

(India ranks first in the world in fennel production.)

·         गुणसूत्र संख्या (Chromosome Numbers):- 2n = 22

·         उत्पत्ति केन्द्र (Center of Origin):- भूमध्यसागरीय क्षेत्र (Mediterranean region) व दक्षिण यूरोप (South Europe)

2. पुष्पीय बायोलॉजी (Floral Biology):-

·         सौंफ एक बहुवर्षीय मसाला फसल है। इसकी पादप ऊंचाई 1 मीटर होती है।

(Fennel is a perennial spice crop. It has a plant height of 1 meter.)

·         सौंफ में Compound umbel पुष्पक्रम होता है। प्रत्येक इकाई को Umbellule कहते हैं।

(Fennel has compound umbel inflorescence. Each unit is called Umbellule.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प द्विलिंगी व वृन्तीय होता है। प्रत्येक Umbellule में केन्द्रीय पुष्प त्रिज्यातसममित व परिधीय पुष्प एकव्याससममित होते हैं।

(Each flower is bisexual and pedicellate. In each Umbellule, the central flowers are actinomorphic and the peripheral flowers are zygomorphic.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 हरे रंग के बाह्यदल होते हैं जो एक दूसरे से स्वतंत्र रहते हैं।  परिधीय पुष्पों में पश्च बाह्यदल छोटे व अग्र बाह्यदल बड़े होते हैं।

(Each flower has 5 green sepals which are free from each other. In peripheral flowers, the posterior sepals are smaller and the anterior sepals are larger.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में पीले रंग के 5 स्वतंत्र दल होते हैं जो कोरस्पर्शी दलविन्यास प्रदर्शित करते हैं। प्रत्येक दल द्विपालित होता है। परिधीय पुष्पों में पश्च दल छोटे व अग्र दल बड़े होते हैं।

(Each flower consists of 5 free yellow petals that represent valvate aestivation. Each petal is bilobed. In the peripheral flowers, the posterior petals are smaller and the anterior petals are larger.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 स्वतंत्र पुंकेसर होते हैं।

(Each flower has 5 free stamens.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 2 संयुक्त अण्डप होते हैं  जिसमें बीजाण्ड स्तंभीय बीजाण्डन्यास में पाये जाते हैं।

(Each flower has 2 fused carpels, in which the ovules are found in axile placentation.)

·         Stylopodium:- अंडाश्य के शीर्ष पर एक फुली हुई लगभग द्विशाखित मकरंद डिस्क होती है जिसे Stylopodium कहते हैं।

(There is a swollen almost bifid nectar disc found at the top of the ovary which is called as Stylopodium.)

·         पुष्पचित्र (Floral Diagram):- 

·         परागण (Pollination):-  प्राकृतिक रूप से सौंफ एक परपरागित फसल है। इसमें परागण कीट जातियों के द्वारा कराया जाता है।

(Naturally, fennel is a cross pollinated crop. Pollination is done by insect species.)

·         फल (Fruit):- क्रीमोकार्प (Cremocarp)

3. प्रजनन उद्देश्य (Breeding Objective):-

a. अधिक उपज (Higher Yield):- सौंफ के बीजों को मसाले के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता है। इसमें बीज उपज निम्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है –

(Fennel seeds are used as spices. The yield in fennel depends on the following factors -)

Ø  प्रति पौधा पुष्पक्रमों की संख्या

(Number of inflorescences per plant)

Ø  प्रति पुष्पक्रम umbellule इकाइयों की संख्या

(Number of umbellule units per inflorescence)

Ø  प्रति umbellule पुष्पों की संख्या

(Number of flowers per umbellule)

b. रोग रोधिता (Disease Resistance):-

Ø  Leaf (Ramularia) blight

Ø Leaf Spot

Ø Damping Off

Ø Fusarium Wilt

Ø Powdery mildew

Ø Collar rot

Ø Root rot

c. कीट रोधिता (Insect Resistance):-

Ø Aphid

Ø Thrips

Ø Leaf eating caterpillar / gram pod borer

Ø Cutworm

Ø Cigarette beetle

Ø Drugstore beetle

d. अजैविक प्रतिबल सहिष्णुता (Abiotic stress Tolerance):-

Ø  सूखा (Drought)

Ø  लवणता (Salinity)

4. प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding methods):-

·         सौंफ एक परपरागित फसल है। इसलिए परपरागित फसलों में उपयोग की जाने वाली सभी प्रजनन विधियों का उपयोग इसके सुधार के लिए किया जाता है।

(Fennel is a cross pollinated crop. Therefore all breeding methods used in cross pollinated crops can be used for its improvement.)

·         किस्में (varieties):- विभिन्न राज्यों में सौंफ की विभिन्न किस्में विकसित की गई हैं।

(Different varieties of fennel have been developed in different states.)

a. Rajasthan:-

Ø  Ajmer Fennel – 1, 2 (AF – 1, 2)

Ø  RF – 101, 125, 143, 178, 205, 281

b. Gujarat:-

Ø  PF – 35

Ø  Gujarat Fennel – 1, 2, 11 (GF – 1, 2, 11)

c. Haryana:-

Ø  Hisar Swarup

Ø  Haryana Fannel – 143 (HF - 143)

d. Tamil Nadu:-

Ø  Co – 1

e. Bihar:-

Ø  Rajendra Saurbha:- इसे SKN College of Agriculture (RAU) के द्वारा विकसित किया गया था। इसे वर्ष 2000 में विमोचित किया गया था। इसकी बीज उपज 18 – 19 क्विंटल / हेक्टयर होती है।

(It was developed by SKN College of Agriculture (RAU). It was released in the year 2000. Its seed yield is 18 – 19 quintal / hectare.)