Lucerne Crop Improvement

लूसर्न फसल उन्नयन (Lucerne Crop Improvement):-

1. परिचय (Introduction):-

·         सामान्य नाम:- लूसर्न (यूरोप में), एल्फाएल्फा (अरब में), रिजका

(Common Name: - Lucerne (in Europe), Alphalfa (in Arabia), Rizka)

·         वानस्पतिक नाम:- Medicago sativa

(Botanical Name:- Medicago sativa)

·         इसे “Queen of forage crops” भी कहते हैं। यह पहली ऐसी फसल थी जिसकी सूखी घास के लिए खेती की गई थी।

(It is also called "Queen of forage crops". It was the first crop that was cultivated for dry grass.)

·         कुल:- लेग्युमिनोसी या फैबेसी

(Family:- Leguminosae or Fabaceae)

·         उपकुल:- पेपीलिओनेसी

(Sub-family:- Papilionaceae)

2. उपजातियाँ (Sub-species):- Medicago sativa को आगे 5 उपजातियों में विभाजित किया जाता है –

(Medicago sativa is further divided into 5 sub-species -)

3. उत्पत्ति केंद्र (Center of Origin):- Mediterranean region

ऐसा माना जाता है कि कृष्य उपजाति sativa की उत्पत्ति जंगली उपजाति glomerata से हुई है।

(It is believed that the cultivated sub-species sativa has been originated from the wild sub-species glomerata.)

4. महत्वपूर्ण लक्षण (Important Characters):-

·         तीव्र वृद्धि (Fast growth):- बुवाई के 30 दिन बाद ही फसल पहली बार काटने के लिए तैयार हो जाती है।

(The crop is ready for harvesting for the first time only 30 days after sowing.)

·         पशुओं के लिए अत्यधिक स्वादिष्ट, उच्च पोषण देने वाला व आसानी से पच जाने वाला हरा चारा।

(Very tasty, highly nutritious and easily digestible green fodder for cattles.)

·         उच्च सूखा व पाला सहिष्णुता

(High drought and frost tolerance)

5. पुष्पीय बायोलॉजी (Floral Biology):-

·         लूसर्न का पौधा बहुवर्षीय शाक है जिसकी पादप ऊंचाई 60 – 90cm होती है।

(Lucerne plant is a perennial herb with plant height 60 - 90cm.)

·         लूसर्न में raceme पुष्पक्रम होता है जिसमें 8 – 25 पुष्पों का एक गुच्छा पाया जाता है। यह raceme शीर्षस्थ या कक्षस्थ होता है।

(Lucerne has raceme inflorescence in which a cluster of 8 - 25 flowers is found. This raceme is terminal or axillary.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प द्विलिंगी, वृन्तीय व एकव्याससममित होता है।

(Each flower is bisexual, pedicellate and zygomorphic.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 हरे रंग के बाह्यदल होते हैं जो आपस में जुड़े रहते हैं।

(Each flower has 5 green sepals which are fused.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में बैंगनी रंग के 5 दल होते हैं जो ध्वजीय दलविन्यास प्रदर्शित करते हैं। दल 3 प्रकार के होते हैं –

(Each flower has 5 petals of violet colour representing the vexillary aestivation. There are 3 types of petals -)

i. ध्वज (Vexillum, Standard):- ऊपरी 1 बड़ा दल

(Upper 1 large petal)

ii. पक्ष (Wing):- 2 पार्श्वीय मध्यम दल

(Lateral 2 medium petals)

iii. नोतल (Keel, Carina):- निचले 2 छोटे दल जिनके अंदर पुंकेसर व स्त्रीकेसर बन्द रहते हैं।

(The lower 2 small petals inside which stamens and carpel remain enclosed.

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 10 पुंकेसर होते हैं जो 9 + 1 के दो समूहों में पाये जाते है। अर्थात पुंकेसर द्विसंघी होते हैं।

(Each flower has 10 stamens which are found in two groups of 9 + 1. It means stamens are diadelphous.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 1 अण्डप होता है  जिसमें 3 – 7 बीजाण्ड सीमान्त बीजाण्डन्यास में पाये जाते हैं।

(Each flower has 1 carpel in which 3 - 7 ovules are found in marginal placentation.)

·         पुष्पचित्र (Floral Diagram):- 

·         परागण (Pollination):-

Ø  प्राकृतिक रूप से लूसर्न एक परपरागित फसल है। इसके पौधों में स्वअनिषेच्यता का गुण पाया जाता है। विभिन्न कीट जातियों के द्वारा परागण कराया जाता है।

(Naturally, lucerne is a cross pollinated crop. Its plants show self-incompatibility. Pollination is done by various insect species.)

·         फल (Fruit):- पॉड या लैग्यूम (Pod or Legume) 

जिसमें 3 – 7 वृक्काकार बीज पाये जाते हैं। लूसर्न के पॉड वलित होते हैं।

(In which 3 - 7 reniform seeds are found. Pods of lucerne are coiled.)

6. प्रजनन उद्देश्य (Breeding Objectives):-

a. अधिक उपज (Higher yield):-

Ø  अधिक चारा उपज (High forage yield)

Ø  अधिक बीज उपज (High seed yield)

b. अधिक पोषण मान (High nutritive value)

c. शीत सहिष्णुता (Cold tolerance)

d. सूखा सहिष्णुता (Drought tolerance)

e. लवण सहिष्णुता (Salinity tolerance)

f. रोग रोधिता (Disease resistance):-

Ø  Root rot

Ø  Crown rot

Ø  Bacterial wilt

Ø  Leaf spot

g. कीट रोधिता (Disease resistance):-

Ø  Whitefly

Ø  Thrips

Ø  Aphids

Ø  Leaf minor

Ø  Cutworm

7. प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding methods):-

a. पुर:स्थापन (Introduction):-

Ø  Ladakh strain:- 1970 में इसे North India से USA में पुर:स्थापित किया गया था। इसमें शीत व Bacterial wilt के प्रति रोधिता पायी जाती है। इसमें लम्बे सूखे के पश्चात पुनर्वृद्धि की क्षमता होती है।

(It was introduced in the USA from North India in 1970. It has resistance to cold and bacterial wilt. It has the ability to grow after prolonged drought.)

b. वरण (selection):-

Ø  Grimm 451

Ø  Chetak (S-244)

Ø  Type – 9

Ø  Co – 1

Ø  GAUL – 1 (Anand - 2)

Ø  GAUL – 2 (SS - 627)

Ø  RL – 88

Ø  Anand Lucerne – 3 (AL - 3)

c. बहुवंशक्रम किस्में (Multiline varieties):-

Ø  Ranger Lucerne:- 45% Cossack strain, 45% Turkstan strain, 10% Ladakh strain

d. संकरण (Hybridization)

e. संश्लिष्ट किस्में (Synthetic varieties):-

Ø  Synthetic - 78

f. समिश्र किस्में (Composite varieties):-

Ø  LL Composite – 3

Ø  LL Composite -5

g. अन्य किस्में (Other varieties):-

Ø  Sirsa type – 9

Ø  Sirsa – 8

Ø  Anand - 3