Potato Crop Improvement

आलू फसल उन्नयन (Potato Crop Improvement):-

1. परिचय (Introduction):-

·         सामान्य नाम:- आलू

(Common Name:- Potato)

·         वानस्पतिक नाम:- Solanum tuberosum

(Botanical Name:- Solanum tuberosum)

·         कुल:- सोलेनेसी

(Family:- Solanaceae)

·         गुणसूत्र संख्या (Chromosome Numbers):- 2n = 4x = 48

आलू एक स्वचतुर्गुणित फसल है।

(Potato is an auto-tetraploid crop.)

2. उप-जातियाँ (Sub-species):- आलू की कृष्य जाति Solanum tuberosum को आगे 2 उप-जातियों में विभाजित किया गया है –

(The cultivated species Solanum tuberosum of potato is further divided into 2 sub-species –)

i. tuberosum:- इसकी खेती सम्पूर्ण विश्व में की जाती है।

(It is cultivated all over the world.)

ii. andegena:- इसकी खेती दक्षिण अमेरिका के पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों तक सीमित है।

(Its cultivation is limited to the mountain regions of South America.)

3. उत्पत्ति केन्द्र (Center of Origin):-

·         मध्य अमेरिका, पेरु व बोलाविया (Mexico को मुख्य केन्द्र माना जाता है)

[Central America, Peru and Bolivia (Mexico is considered the main center)]

·         ऐसा माना जाता है कि आलू की एक जंगली द्विगुणित जाति में प्राकृतिक गुणसूत्रीय द्विगुणन होने से चतुर्गुणित कृष्य जाति की उत्पत्ति हुई है।

(The natural chromosome doubling in a wild diploid species of potato is believed to have led to the origin of the tetraploid cultivated species.)

4. पुष्पीय बायोलॉजी (Floral Biology):-

·         आलू में cymose पुष्पक्रम प्रत्येक शाखा के शीर्ष पर उपस्थित होता है।

(In potato, the cymose inflorescence is found at the apex of each branch.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प द्विलिंगी, वृन्तीय व त्रिज्यातसममित होता है।

(Each flower is bisexual, pedicellate and actinomorphic.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 हरे रंग के बाह्यदल होते हैं जो आपस में जुड़े रहते हैं। आलू में बाह्यदल स्थायी होते हैं जिन्हें फल पर लगा हुआ देखा जा सकता है। यह सोलेनेसी कुल का लाक्षणिक गुण है।

(Each flower has 5 green sepals which are fused. Sepals in potatoes are persistent which can be seen on the fruit. This is a characteristic feature of the Solanaceae family.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में सफेद रंग के 5  संयुक्त दल होते हैं।

(Each flower has 5 fused petals of white colour.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 5 पुंकेसर होते हैं। प्रत्येक पुंकेसर का पुतन्तु आधार पाए दल से जुड़ा रहता है, अर्थात पुंकेसर दललग्न होते हैं।

(Each flower has 5 stamens. The filament of each stamen is attached to the petal at base part, that is, the stamens are epipetalous.)

·         प्रत्येक पुष्प में 2 संयुक्त अण्डप होते हैं तथा बीजाण्ड स्तम्भीय बीजाण्डन्यास में पाये जाते है। प्लासेंटा फूला हुआ होता है। अण्डपों के 45° के कोण पर घूम जाने से प्लासेंटा तिरछा व्यवस्थित होता है। यह सोलेनेसी कुल का लाक्षणिक गुण है।

(Each flower has 2 fused carpels and ovules are found in axile placentation. Placenta is swollen. Placenta is oblique due to rotation of the carpels at an angle of 45 °. This is a characteristic feature of the Solanaceae family.)

·         पुष्पचित्र (Floral Diagram):-

·         परागण (Pollination):-

Ø  प्राकृतिक रूप से आलू एक स्वपरागित फसल है। इसमें 95% स्वपरागण व 5% परपरागण होता है। परपरागण वायु व कीटों के द्वारा होता है।

(Naturally, potato is a self-pollinated crop. It has 95% self pollination and 5% cross pollination. Cross pollination is done by wind and insects.)

·         फल (Fruit):- बैरी (Berry)

·         TPS (True Potato Seeds):- आलू की खेती के लिए कन्दों का बीजों के रूप में उपयोग करते हैं। परन्तु कन्दों का भंडारण कठिन व महंगा होता है। इस कारण ऐसी किस्मों के विकास पर जोर दिया जा रहा है जिनका प्रवर्धन वास्तविक बीजों के द्वारा किया जा सके। आलू के बीजों का उपयोग जब प्रवर्धन के लिए किया जाता है तो इसे वास्तविक आलू बीज (TPS) कहते हैं।

(Tubers are used as seeds for potato cultivation. But the storage of tubers is difficult and expensive. For this reason, emphasis is being laid on the development of such varieties which can be propagated through real seeds. When potato seeds are used for propagation, it is called true potato seed.)

5. प्रजनन उद्देश्य (Breeding Objectives):-

a. अधिक उपज (Higher Yield):- आलू में उपज निम्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है –

(The yield in potato depends on the following factors –)

i. प्रति पौधा कन्दों की संख्या

(Number of tubers per plant)

ii. कन्द आमाप (Tuber size)

b. गुणवत्ता (Quality):-

Ø  भंडारण गुणवत्ता (Storage Quality):- यह 2 कारकों पर निर्भर करती है –

(It depends on 2 factors –)

i. अंकुरण न होना (Non - sprouting)

ii. भंडारण के दौरान होने वाले रोगों से रोधिता

(Disease resistance during storage)

Ø  पकने की गुणवत्ता (Cooking Quality):- पकाने के बाद रंग का गाढ़ा न होना।

(No thickening of colour after cooking.)

Ø  कन्द का रंग व गठन

(Tuber colour and structure)

Ø  छिलके की मोटाई

(Thickness of peal)

Ø  पोषण गुणवत्ता

(Nutrition quality)

Ø  उच्च ठोस अंश

(High solid content)

Ø  कम Glycoalkaloid मात्रा

(Low glycoalkaloid content)

Ø  कलिकाओं की स्थिति (Position of buds):- उथली कलिकाओं वाले कन्द पसंद किए जाते हैं।

(Tubers with shallow buds are preferred.)

c. रोग रोधिता (Disease Resistance):-

Ø  Early blight

Ø  Late blight

Ø  Leaf mosaic virus

Ø  Purple top roll mosaic virus

Ø  Bacterial wilt

d. कीट रोधिता (Insect resistance):-

Ø  Cutworm

Ø  Beetle

Ø  Tuber moth

Ø  Aphid

Ø  White grub

Ø  Cotton leaf hopper

e. अजैविक प्रतिबल रोधिता (Abiotic Stress Resistance):-

Ø  तापमान (Temperature)

Ø  पाला (Frost)

6. प्रजनन विधियाँ (Breeding Methods):-

a. पुर:स्थापन (Introduction):-

Ø  Great Scot

Ø  Magnum Bonum

Ø  Up – to – date

b. क्लोनीय वरण (Clonal Selection):-

Ø  Darjeeling red round किस्म में वरण द्वारा Kuffri Red किस्म विकसित की गई।

(Kuffri Red variety was developed by selection in Darjeeling red round variety.)

Ø  फुलवा किस्म में वरण द्वारा Kuffri White किस्म विकसित की गई।

(Kuffri White variety was developed by selection in Phulwa variety.)

c. अंतराकिस्मीय संकरण (Inter-varietal Hybridization):-

Ø  Kuffri – Kisan

Ø  Kuffri – Chandan

Ø  Kuffri – Sinduri

Ø  Kuffri – Chamatkar

Ø  Kuffri – Alankar

Ø  Kuffri – Chandramukhi

d. दूरस्थ संकरण (Distant Hybridization):-

Ø  रोग रोधिता, कीट रोधिता व पाला रोधिता के जीनों को स्थानांतरित करने के लिए दूरस्थ संकरण कराया जाता है।

(Distant hybridization is done to transfer the genes of disease resistance, insect resistance and frost resistance.)

Ø  निम्न कुछ किस्में इस विधि से विकसित की गई हैं:-

(Some of the following varieties have been developed by this method:-)

i. Kuffri – Kuber:- इसे 1958 में विमोचित किया गया था।

(It was released in 1958.)

ii. Kuffri – Jyoti

iii. Kuffri – Sheetman