Major classifications up to orders
Major classifications up to orders (गण तक प्रमुख वर्गीकरण):-
A. F.E. Fritsch’s Classification (1935)
B. G.M. Smith’s Classification (1950)
C. Round’s Classification (1973)
D. Bold and Wynne’s Classification (1985)
E. Robert Edward Lee’s Classification (1989)
A. F.E. Fritsch’s Classification (1935):-
> The most comprehensive and authorative classification of algae was given by F.E Fritsch (1935) in his book ‘The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae’.
[शैवाल का सबसे व्यापक और मान्य वर्गीकरण F.E Fritsch (1935) ने अपनी पुस्तक 'The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae' में दिया था।]
> His classification was based on such criteria as pigmentation, types of flagella, assimilatory products, thallus structure and methods of reproduction.
(उनका वर्गीकरण वर्णकता, कशाभों के प्रकार, आत्मसात उत्पाद, थैलस संरचना और जनन की विधियों जैसे मापदंडों पर आधारित था।)
> F.E. Fritsch (1935, 1948) divided algae into 11 classes on following basis:
(F.E. Fritsch (1935, 1948) ने निम्नलिखित आधार पर शैवाल को 11 वर्गों में विभाजित किया:)
1. Chlorophyceae:- 11 Orders (11 गण)
1. Volvocales:- 2 Families (2 कुल)
i. Chlamydomonadaceae:- Eg.- Chlamydomonas
ii. Volvocaceae:- Eg.- Volvox
2. Tetrasporales:- Eg.- Tetraspora
3. Ulotrichales:- 7 Families (7 कुल)
i. Ulotrichaceae:- Eg.- Ulothrix
ii. Microsporaceae:- Eg.- Microspora
iii. Cylindrocapsaceae:- Eg.- Cylindrocapsa
iv. Chaetophoraceae:- Eg.- Chaetophora
v. Protococcaceae:- Eg.- Protococcus
vi. Coleochaetaceae:- Eg.- Coleochaete
vii. Trentepohliaceae:- Eg.- Trentepohlia
4. Ulvales:- 2 Families (2 कुल)
i. Ulvaceae:- Eg.- Ulva, Acetabularia
ii. Schizomeridaceae:- Eg.- Schizomeris
5. Schizogoniales:- 1 Family (1 कुल)
i. Schizogoniaceae:- Eg.- Schizogonium
6. Cladophorales:- 2 Families (2 कुल)
i. Cladophoraceae:- Eg.- Cladophora
ii. Sphaeropleaceae:- Eg.- Sphaeroplea
7. Oedogoniales:- 1 Family (1 कुल)
i. Oedogoniaceae:- Eg.- Oedogonium, Bulbochaete
8. Zygnematales:- 2 Families (2 कुल)
i. Zygnemataceae:- Eg.- Zygnema
ii. Mesotaeniaceae:- Eg.- Mesotaenia
iii. Desmidiaceae:- Eg.- Desmidium, Closterium
9. Chlorococcales:- 7 Families (7 कुल)
i. Chlorococcaceae:- Eg.- Chlorococcum
ii. Endosphaeraceae:- Eg.- Endosphaera
iii. Characiaceae:- Eg.- Characium
iv. Protosiphonaceae:- Eg.- Protosiphon
v. Hydrodictyaceae:- Eg.- Hydrodictyon
vi. Oocystaceae:- Eg.- Oocystis
vii. Scenedesmaceae:- Eg.- Scenedesmus
10. Siphonales:- 7 Families (7 कुल)
i. Bryopsidaceae:- Eg.- Bryopsis
ii. Caulerpaceae:- Eg.- Caulerpa
iii. Halicystaceae:- Eg.- Halicystis
iv. Codiaceae:- Eg.- Codium
v. Derbesiaceae:- Eg.- Derbesia
vi. Vaucheriaceae:- Eg.- Vaucheria
vii. Phyllosiphonaceae:- Eg.- Phyllosiphon
11. Siphonocladiales:- 2 Families (2 कुल)
i. Valoniaceae:- Eg.- Valonia
ii. Dasycladaceae:- Eg.- Dasycladus
2. Xanthophyceae:-
6 Orders (6 गण):-
i. Heterococcales:- Eg.- Chloromeson
ii. Rhizochloridales:- Eg.- Chlorachnion
iii. Heterocapsales:- Eg.- Gloeochloris
iv. Heterotrichales:- Eg.- Tribonema
v. Heterococcales:- Eg.- Botrydiopsis
vi. Heterosiphonales:- Eg.- Vaucheria, Botrydium
3. Chrysophyceae:-
Orders (गण):-
a. Chrysomonadales:-
Sub-orders (उपगण):-
i. Cromulinae:- Eg.- Mallomonas
ii. Isochrysidineae:- Eg.- Synura
iii. Ochromonadineae:- Eg.- Dinobryon
b. Rhizochrysidales:- Eg.- Chrysamoeba
c. Chrysocapsales:- Eg.- Hydrurus
d. Chrysotrichales:- Eg.- Phaeothamnion
e. Chrysosphaerales:- Eg.- Epichrysis
4. Bacillariophyceae:-
a. Order (गण):- Centrales
Families (कुल):-
i. Discoideae:- Eg.- Melosira.
ii. Solenoideae:- Eg.- Corethron
iii. Biddulphioideae:- Eg.- Biddulphia
iv. Rutilarioideae:- Eg.- Rutilaria
b. Order (गण):- Pennales
Families (कुल):-
i. Fragilarioideae:- Eg.- Synedra
ii. Eunotioideae:- Eg.- Eunotia
iii. Achnanthoideae:- Eg.- Cocconeis
iv. Naviculoideae:- Eg.- Navicula
v. Epithemioideae:- Eg.- Epiyhemia
vi. Nitzschioideae:- Eg.- Bacillaria
vii. Surirelloideae:- Eg.- Surirella
5. Cryptophyceae:-
Orders (गण):-
i. Goniomonadales:- Eg.- Goniomonas
ii. Cryptomonadales:- Eg.- Cryptomonas
iii. Chroomonadales:- Eg.- Chroomonas
6. Dinophyceae:-
a. Sub-class (उपवर्ग):- Gymnodiniphycidae
Order (गण):- Gymnodiniales
Families (कुल):-
i. Gymnodiniaceae:- Barrufeta, Gymnodinium,
ii. Chytriodiniaceae:- Chytriodinium
iii. Warnowiaceae:- Warnowia
b. Sub-class (उपवर्ग):- Peridiniphycidae
Order:- Prorocentrales
Families (कुल):-
i. Haplodiniaceae:- Haplodinium
ii. Prorocentraceae:- Prorocentrum
7. Chloromonadophyceae:-
Orders (गण):-
i. Actinophryida:- Actinosphaerium
ii. Chattonellales:- Chattonella
iii. Commatiida:- Commation
iv. Raphidomonadales:- Fibrocapsa
8. Euglenophyceae:-
Order (गण):- Euglenales
Family (कुल):- Euglenaceae
Eg.-
i. Euglena
ii. Astasia
iii. Trachelomonas
iv. Colacium
v. Phacus
vi. Peranema
vii. Petalomonas cantuscygni
9. Phaeophyceae:-
3 Sub-classes (उपवर्ग):-
a. Isogeneratae:- Isomorphic alternation of generation.
Order (गण):- Ectocarpales
Eg.- Ectocarpus
b. Hetrogeneratae:- Heteromorphic alternation of generation.
Order (गण):- Laminarales “Kelp or Rock weed"
Eg.- Laminaria
c. Cyclosporeae:-
Order (गण):- Fucales
Eg.- Fucus, Sargassum
10. Rhodophyceae:-
3 Sub-classes (उपवर्ग):-
a. Porphyridae:-
Order (गण):- Porphyridales
Eg.- Porphyridium
b. Bangidae:-
Order (गण):- Bangiales
Eg.- Bangia, Porphyra
c. Floridae:-
i. Order (गण):- Nemaliales
Eg.- Nemalion
ii. Order (गण):- Ceramiales
Eg.- Ceramium, Polysiphonia, Batrachospermum
11. Myxophyceae (Cyaophyceae):-
6 orders (गण):-
i. Chroococcales:- Chroococcus
ii. Gloeobacterales:- Gloeobacter
iii. Nostocales:- Nostoc
iv. Oscillatoriales:- Oscillatoria
v. Pleurocapsales:- Pleurocapsa
vi. Spirulinales:- Spirulina
B. G.M. Smith’s Classification (1950):-
> GM Smith (1950) classified algae into seven divisions.
(GM Smith (1950) ने शैवालों को सात प्रभागों में वर्गीकृत किया।)
> These divisions include one or more classes.
(इन प्रभागों में एक या अधिक वर्ग शामिल हैं।)
> He included certain algae of uncertain position into Chloromonadales & Cryptophyceae.
(उन्होंने अनिश्चित स्थिति वाले कुछ शैवालों को क्लोरोमोनेडेल्स और क्रिप्टोफाइसी में शामिल किया।)
1. Chlorophyta:- Chlorophyceae & Charophyceae.
2. Chrysophyta:- Chrysophyceae, Xanthophyceae & Bacillariophyceae.
3. Pyrophyta:- Dinophyceae & Desmophyceae.
4. Euglenophyta:- Euglenophyceae.
5. Phaeophyta:- Phaeophyceae.
6. Rhodophyta:- Rhodophyceae.
7. Cyanophyta:- Cyanophyceae.
C. Round’s Classification (1973):-
Algae (शैवाल):-
1. Procaryota:-
i. Cynophyta
2. Eucaryota:-
i. Chlorophyta
ii. Euglenophyta
iii. Charophyta
iv. Parsinophyta
v. Xanthophyta
vi. Haptophyta
vii. Dinophyta
viii. Bacillariophyta
ix. Chrysophyta
x. Phaeophyta
xi. Rodhophyta
xii. Cryptophyta
D. Bold and Wynne’s Classification (1985):-
> Bold and Wynne (1978, 1985) recognized ten divisions of algae retaining the nomenclature given by
Papenfuss (1946), except for bluegreen algae.
(Bold और Wynne (1978, 1985) ने शैवालों के 10 प्रभागों को मान्यता दी, जो नील हरित शैवालों को छोड़कर Papenfuss (1946) द्वारा दिए गए नामकरण को बरकरार रखते हैं।)
> They considered Cyanophyceae as a division and called it Cyanochloronta whereas Papenfuss had included it in phylum Schizophyta as a class.
(इन्होंने सायनोफाइसी को एक प्रभाग माना और इसे सायनोक्लोरोन्टा कहा जबकि Papenfuss ने इसे एक वर्ग के रूप में फाइलम शाइज़ोफाइटा में शामिल किया था।)
1. Cyanophyta (Blue Green Algae)
2. Prochlorophyta (Single genus: Prochloron)
3. Chlorophyta (Green algae)
4. Charophyta (Stone worts)
5. Euglenophyta
6. Phaeophyta (Brown algae)
7. Chrysophyta (Golden and yellow green algae)
8. Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates)
9. Cryptophyta
10. Rhodophyta (Red algae)
E. Robert Edward Lee’s Classification (1989):-
> RE Lee (1989) divided the algae based on evolution and formed 4 evolutionary groups of algae which are further divided into 15 phyta (= divisions).
[RE Lee (1989) ने ज़ेवविकास के आधार पर शैवालों को विभाजित किया और शैवाल के 4 जैवविकासवादी समूह बनाए जिन्हें आगे 15 फाइटा (= प्रभागों) में विभाजित किया गया है।]
1. Prokaryotic algae (Cyanophyta)
[प्रोकैरियोटिक शैवाल (सायनोफाइटा)]
2. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplast surrounded only by the two membranes of the chloroplast envelope (Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta).
[क्लोरोप्लास्ट युक्त यूकेरियोटिक शैवाल जिनमें क्लोरोप्लास्ट दो झिल्लियों से घिरा होता है (ग्लौकोफाइटा, रोडोफाइटा और क्लोरोफाइटा)।]
3. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplast surrounded only by one membrane of chloroplast endoplasmic
reticulum (Euglenophyta and Dinophyta).
[क्लोरोप्लास्ट युक्त यूकेरियोटिक शैवाल जिनमें क्लोरोप्लास्ट ER की एक झिल्ली से घिरा होता है (यूगलीनोफाइटा और डायनोफाइटा)।]
4. Algae which have two membranes of chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum (Cryptophyta & Heterokontophyta)
[क्लोरोप्लास्ट युक्त यूकेरियोटिक शैवाल जिनमें क्लोरोप्लास्ट ER की दो झिल्लियों से घिरा होता है (क्रिप्टोफाइटा और हेटेरोकोन्टोफाइटा)]