Digestion in ruminants

Digestion in ruminants (जुगाली करने वालों में पाचन):- Ruminants, such as cows, sheep, and goats, have a specialized digestive system that allows them to efficiently break down tough plant materials like cellulose, which most animals cannot digest. Their digestive process is complex and involves multiple steps and specialized structures.

(रूमिनेंट्स, जैसे कि गाय, भेड़, और बकरी, के पास एक विशेष प्रकार की पाचन प्रणाली होती है, जो उन्हें कठोर पौधों के पदार्थ जैसे सेल्यूलोज को प्रभावी ढंग से पचाने में सक्षम बनाती है, जिसे अधिकांश जानवर पचा नहीं सकते। उनका पाचन प्रक्रिया जटिल होती है और इसमें कई चरण और विशेष संरचनाएँ शामिल होती हैं।)

i. Mouth and Chewing (Prehension and Mastication) [मुख और चबाना (ग्रास और चबाना)]:-

Prehension (ग्रास):- Ruminants use their tongues and lips to grasp and gather food (primarily fibrous plant material like grass).

[रूमिनेंट्स अपनी जीभ और होठों का उपयोग करके भोजन (मुख्य रूप से रेशेदार पौधों की सामग्री जैसे घास) को पकड़ते और इकट्ठा करते हैं।]

Mastication (चबाना):- Once in the mouth, the food is chewed lightly to mix it with saliva. Ruminants have a dental pad on the upper jaw instead of upper front teeth, which works with the lower front teeth and molars to grind the food.

(एक बार भोजन मुंह में आ जाता है, तो इसे हल्के से चबाया जाता है और लार के साथ मिलाया जाता है। रूमिनेंट्स के ऊपरी जबड़े पर ऊपरी सामने के दांतों के बजाय एक डेंटल पैड होता है, जो निचले सामने के दांतों और दाढ़ों के साथ मिलकर भोजन को पीसने का काम करता है।)

ii. Saliva (लार):- 

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