Introduction to Test of Significance

Introduction to Test of Significance (सांख्यिकी में महत्त्व परीक्षण का परिचय):- In statistics, a Test of Significance is a method used to determine whether the observed data significantly deviates from what is expected under a specific hypothesis. The main goal of these tests is to assess whether the observed effect is due to chance or if it reflects a true effect in the population.

(सांख्यिकी में, महत्त्व परीक्षण एक ऐसी विधि है जिसका उपयोग यह निर्धारित करने के लिए किया जाता है कि क्या अवलोकित डेटा किसी विशिष्ट परिकल्पना के तहत अपेक्षित डेटा से महत्वपूर्ण रूप से भिन्न है। इन परीक्षणों का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह आकलन करना है कि अवलोकित प्रभाव केवल संयोगवश है या यह जनसंख्या में एक सच्चे प्रभाव को दर्शाता है।)

Key Concepts (मुख्य अवधारणाएँ):-

i. Null Hypothesis (शून्य परिकल्पना) (H₀):- 

> The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference in the population. It serves as the default or starting assumption.

(शून्य परिकल्पना एक ऐसा कथन है जिसमें कहा गया है कि जनसंख्या में कोई प्रभाव या अंतर नहीं है। यह डिफ़ॉल्ट या प्रारंभिक धारणा के रूप में कार्य करता है।)

> Example (उदाहरण):- There is no difference in the average scores of two groups.

(दो समूहों के औसत अंकों में कोई अंतर नहीं है।)

ii. Alternative Hypothesis (वैकल्पिक परिकल्पना) (H₁ or Hₐ):- 

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