Physical and cultural methods of weed control

Physical and cultural methods of weed control (खरपतवार नियंत्रण की भौतिक और सांस्कृतिक विधियाँ):- Weed control is a crucial aspect of agricultural management, especially in India, where diverse cropping systems and climatic conditions prevail. Both physical and cultural methods are employed to manage weeds effectively. 

(खरपतवार नियंत्रण कृषि प्रबंधन का एक महत्वपूर्ण पहलू है, विशेष रूप से भारत में, जहां विविध फसल प्रणालियाँ और जलवायु परिस्थितियाँ प्रचलित हैं। खरपतवारों को प्रभावी ढंग से प्रबंधित करने के लिए भौतिक और सांस्कृतिक दोनों विधियों को नियोजित किया जाता है।)

Physical Methods of Weed Control (खरपतवार नियंत्रण की भौतिक विधियाँ):-

i. Manual Weeding (हाथ से खरपतवार निकालना):-

Description (विवरण):- Involves the physical removal of weeds by hand or with tools like hoes and sickles.

[खरपतवारों को हाथ या औजारों (जैसे, फावड़े और हंसिया) से भौतिक रूप से हटाना।]

Advantages (लाभ):- Cost-effective, especially for smallholder farmers. It also reduces herbicide use and can improve soil health.

(छोटे किसानों के लिए लागत प्रभावी। यह भी शाकनाशी के उपयोग को कम करता है और मृदा स्वास्थ्य में सुधार कर सकता है।)

Disadvantages (हानियाँ):- Labor-intensive and time-consuming, making it less feasible for large-scale operations.

(श्रम-गहन और समय-खपत करने वाला, जिससे यह बड़े पैमाने पर संचालन के लिए कम व्यावहारिक हो जाता है।)

ii. Mechanical Weeding (यांत्रिक खरपतवार नियंत्रण):-

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